SYNOPSIS:
The Biblical City of Ai Located and Matches Joshua’s Story – A key dispute in biblical archaeology has surrounded the location of the Conquest site of Ai. Did Joshua and the Israelites really conquer this city as the Bible claims? This update features the first of a two-part article by Scott Stripling and Mark Hassler that ran in Bible and Spade, Vol 31 No 2, Spring 2018. BIBLE and SPADE is a quarterly publication published by the Associates for Biblical Research.
So Joshua burned Ai and made it forever a heap of ruins, as it is to this day. – Joshua 8:28 (ESV)
You can take it from me, and from Callaway and others, that there just isn’t any other possibility for Ai than et-Tell and that Bethel can only have been modern Beitin. Since 1921 we have examined and reexamined the whole countryside, and there just isn’t any archaeologically viable identification. 1
Geographical Indicators for the Site
Strategic Location
Near Beth-Aven
Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which is near Beth-aven, east of Bethel, and said to them, “Go up and spy out the land.” And the men went up and spied out Ai. – Joshua 2:7 (ESV)
Joshua locates Ai “near [ʿim] Beth-Aven” (Jos 7:2). The preposition ʿim designates general proximity, whereas the synonym ʾēt (near) signals immediate proximity. The most suitable locale for Beth-Aven is Beitin,4 a site often identified as Bethel. Khirbet el-Maqatir sits 1 mi (1.5 km) southeast of Beitin. Scholars who place Bethel at Beitin and Ai at et-Tell have yet to propose a feasible location for Beth-Aven. A feasible location must yield evidence of habitation at the time of the conquest.
Near and East of Bethel
Near and East of an Ambush Site
South of a Valley and Ridge
Final Words From Patterns of Evidence: Biblical City of AI Located
ENDNOTES
[1] W. F. Albright to David Livingston, February 23, 1970, in Khirbet Nisya: The Search for Biblical Ai, 1979-2002; Excavation of the Site with Related Studies in Biblical Archaeology, by David Livingston (Manheim, PA: Associates for Biblical Research, 2003), 263.
[2] Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Regions: A Journal of Travels in the Years 1838 and 1852, 3rd ed., vol. 1 (London: Murray, 1867), 448; E. Sellin, “Mittheilungen von meiner Palästinareise 1899,” Mittheilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Palaestina-Vereins 6 (1900): 1; Bryant G. Wood, “From Ramesses to Shiloh: Archaeological Discoveries Bearing on the Exodus–Judges Period,” in Giving the Sense: Understanding and Using Old Testament Historical Texts, ed. David M. Howard Jr. and Michael A. Grisanti (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 2003), 266.
[3] Bryant G. Wood, “The Search for Joshua’s Ai,” in Critical Issues in Early Israelite History, ed. Richard S. Hess, Gerald A. Klingbeil, and Paul J. Ray Jr. (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2008), 237–38.
[4] Ibid., 228.
[5] Livingston, Khirbet Nisya, 177; Wood, “Joshua’s Ai,” 221.
[6] Rupert L. Chapman III, “Annotated Index to Eusebius’ Onomasticon,” in The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea: Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D., trans. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, indexed by Rupert L. Chapman III, ed. Joan E. Taylor (Jerusalem: Carta, 2003), 131.